Make du’s Output More Useful

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Knowing how much space a file or folder consumes on a partition is essential for a system administrator or developer. This knowledge allows you to plan for storage upgrades, manage and rotate files, and do other necessary sysadmin tasks. My favorite command for this type of data gathering is the du command.

The du command summarizes disk usage of each file and recursively for each directory. It offers many helpful options individually or in the correct combinations. For all of the options, refer to the du man page. Here is one of my favorite tricks with du.

Use du

I usually like to check the usage of multiple directories simultaneously. This way, I know which directories are my biggest offenders. Suppose I want to check all directories in `/var`. Here’s my standard `du` command, with long options for clarity:

$ du --all --human-readable \
--one-file-system \
--max-depth=1 /var

Here is a breakdown of each option (with the short version in parentheses):

  • --all (a): Print all files and folders.
  • --human-readable (h): Print sizes in big chunks rather than in bytes (for instance, 1K instead of 1024).
  • --one-file-system (x): Skip directories on different filesystems. The result is that if /var/log is mounted separately, it isn’t counted because it’s on a separate filesystem. This ensures I see the disk space used under only one directory path and not across physical media.
  • --max-depth=1 (d): Print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is, in this case, one level below /var. If you use 2 instead, it prints folders two levels below /var. Unlike the -one-file-system option, the size reported remains the same with this option; I just don’t have to see as much output.

Here’s the sample output from my usual `du` command:

$ du -ahx --max-depth=1 /var

0 /var/lock
0 /var/mail
0 /var/run
12K /var/kerberos
12K /var/sieve
135M /var/spool
1.6G /var/log
181M /var/cache
20K /var/db
336K /var/named
3.7G /var/vmail
4.0K /var/adm
4.0K /var/crash
4.0K /var/ftp
4.0K /var/games
4.0K /var/gopher
4.0K /var/local
4.0K /var/nis
4.0K /var/opt
4.0K /var/preserve
4.0K /var/.updated
4.0K /var/yp
4.2G /var/lib
44K /var/tmp
8.0K /var/empty
9.7G /var

While this output is good, it would be even better to sort it by capacity. That way, it’s even easier to read at a glance.

The trick: Sort the output

The good news is I can sort the output in any order I want by passing sort -k1 -rh as input. For example, here’s what I get when I run a command to sort the output by the first column (capacity):

$ du -ahxd1 /var | sort -k1rh

9.7G /var
4.2G /var/lib
3.7G /var/vmail
1.6G /var/log
181M /var/cache
135M /var/spool
336K /var/named
44K /var/tmp
20K /var/db
12K /var/sieve
12K /var/kerberos
8.0K /var/empty
4.0K /var/yp
4.0K /var/.updated
4.0K /var/preserve
4.0K /var/opt
4.0K /var/nis
4.0K /var/local
4.0K /var/gopher
4.0K /var/games
4.0K /var/ftp
4.0K /var/crash
4.0K /var/adm
0 /var/run
0 /var/mail
0 /var/lock

Monitor disk usage

There are also graphical tools to check disk space, such as the ncdu command, but for me, the du command is simple, direct, and efficient.